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Fire Dynamics Application & Fundamental

Chapter I

Enclosure Fires

1.1

Introduction

1.1.1	General Description of the Process of Combustion
1.1.2	General Description of Fire Growth in an Enclosure

1.2

Stages in Enclosure Fire Development

1.2.1	Fire Development in terms of Enclosure Temperatures
1.2.2	Fire Development in Terms of Flow Through Opening
1.2.3	Other Common Terms Describing Enclosure Fire Stages

1.3

Factors Influencing the Fire Development in an Enclosure

Chapter II

Development and Growth of Fires in Enclosures

2.1

Introduction

2.2

Factors Affecting fire Development

2.3

Flashover

2.4

Fire Development in Compartments

2.5

Burning Regimes

2.5.1	The ventilation – controlled Regime
2.5.2	Fuel – Controlled Regime

2.6

Heat balance for an Enclosure

2.5.1	Calculation of Q
2.5.2	Calculation of OE
2.5.3	Calculation of Qa
2.5.4	Calculation of h

2.7

Fire Spread

2.5.1	Interspatial Interactions
2.5.2	Fire Loading
2.5.3	Heat Transfer

2.8

Fire Severity

Chapter III

Energy Release Rates

3.1

Introduction

3.2

Factors Controlling Energy Release in Enclosure Fires

3.2.1	Burning Rate and Energy Release Rate
3.2.2	Enclosure Effects

3.3

Energy Release Rates Based on Free Burn Measurements

3.3.1	Measurements Techniques and Parameters Measured
3.3.2	Pool Fires
3.3.3	Various Products
3.3.4	The t-squared Fire

3.4

The Design Fire

3.4.1	Background
3.3.2	The Growth Phase
3.3.3	The Steady Phase
3.3.4	The Decay Phase
3.3.5	A More Complex Design Fire
3.3.6	Energy Release Rates Used in this Book

Chapter IV

Fire Ball

4.1

Qualification of Hazards due to Fire Ball

4.2

Radius and Duration

4.3

Power of Fire Ball

4.4

Power Density

4.5

Intensity and Fraction of Energy Radiated

4.6

Energy received at a Distance

4.7

Energy intensity at a distance

4.8

Attenuation due to absorption in the atmosphere

4.8.1

Fatality Caused by Thermal Radiation : Probit Equation

4.9

Effect of Thermal Radiation on Skin

4.10

Two-step slow BLEV

4.11

Single – Step rapid BLEVE

4.12

Transient Jet release

4.13

Fire Balls from BLEVES

Chapter V

Fire Plumes and Flame Heights

5.1

Introduction

5.1.1	Flame Characteristics
5.1.2	Turbulent Fire Plume Characteristics

5.2

The Ideal Plume

5.2.1	Assumption
5.2.2	Initial Considerations
5.2.3	The Continuity Equation for Mass
5.2.4	The momentum and Buoyancy equation
5.2.5	Solution of the Two differential Equations
5.2.6	Inserting the constants and concluding

5.3

Plume Equations based on Experiments

5.3.1	The Zukoski Plume
5.3.2	The heskestad Plume
5.3.3	The Mc Caffrey Plume
5.3.4	The Thomas Plume

5.4

Line Plumes and Bounded Plumes

5.4.1	Wall and Corner Interactions with Plumes
5.4.2	Line Source Plumes

5.5

Ceiling jets

5.5.1	Ceiling jet Temperatures and Velocities
5.5.2	Flame Extensions under Ceilings

Chapter VI

Explosion Contents

6.1

Introduction

5.1.1	Some Potentially Very Dangerous Types of Processes
5.1.2	Three Basic Types of Energy are released in an explosion
	Explosions are of Two kinds depending upon the velocity of propogation deflagration and defonation

6.2

Rarefied explosions may be confined or unconfined

6.3

BLEVE: (Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion)

6.4

Mortality Index

6.5

Energy released by mechanical explosion

6.6

energy released by chemical explosions

6.7

Blast damage

6.8

Explosion Prevention

6.9

Inerting

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